Throughout history, much of medical science has been based largely on observation. In recent decades, evidence-based medicine, which is defined as “the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients,”1 has shifted the ideal for how we practice medicine. Whereas observational research has proven to be useful in the past, it is now accepted that the opportunity for bias and confounding decreases with certain methodologic research designs, offering greater internal and external validity than mere observation.

Lifitegrast is an integrin antagonist that decreases T-cell–mediated inflammation associated with dry eye disease (DED). We report the results of OPUS-2, a phase III study evaluating the efficacy and safety of lifitegrast compared with placebo for the treatment of DED.

To evaluate the 2-year outcomes of uveitic macular edema.

To investigate the incidence of gonioscopic angle closure after 4 years in subjects with gonioscopically open angles but varying degrees of angle closure detected on anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS OCT; Visante; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) at baseline.

Some human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected individuals have evidence of optic nerve or retinal dysfunction that manifests as decreased contrast sensitivity, even with good best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). This condition, termed HIV-related neuroretinal disorder (HIV-NRD), is a risk factor for vision impairment (BCVA <20/40), blindness (BCVA ≤20/200), and increased mortality. We investigated the effect of HIV-NRD on vision-specific quality of life (QOL).

To assess whether the presence of peripheral nonperfusion on ultrawide field (UWF) fluorescein angiography (FA) is associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) severity and the presence of predominantly peripheral lesions (PPLs).